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Evolution Korea
The democratic system in South Korea is susceptible to populist impulses. However, it's healthier than one would expect.
The country is in search of an alternative development model. The Confucian culture, which emphasizes respect for ancestors as and gender-specific family relationships, continues to influence the society. There are indications of a secularist culture trend that is emerging.
Origins
In prehistoric times, the ancestors of modern Koreans lived on hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet, beans, and other crops. They also raised livestock and made furs. They established tribal states in Manchuria, and then on the Korean peninsula. They also established an industry of metallurgy, which produced iron tools and bronze. They traded with other countries and introduced celadon and block printing to Japan, as well as art styles, a written language, and papermaking.
Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state adopted Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. In this period the people of Buyeo were incorporated into Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical state where the monarch and other senior officials came from the land aristocracy, while the majority of the population was peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens, and sometimes forced them to serve in the army or construct fortifications.
Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong the founder of Goguryeo, founded the state of Baekje towards the end of the time. This new kingdom expanded into the southwest part of the peninsula, and clashed against the Goguryeo commanderies and China's in the region. Baekje took on Confucian ideas in its state beliefs system in 1390 CE and established the male-centric notion of filiopiety a doctrine. In the name of filiopiety fathers were responsible for their families and had to be respected and obeyed by all, including their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, a nation that was ruled from 918 to 1392 CE in the year 1392 CE, introduced to the world the Hangul Alphabet based on the shapes that were created by the mouth when it pronounces. This greatly improved communication and led to an increase in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and movable metal type were also refined. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was the first to be recorded.
The evolution of Korea
The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times until. Early evidence of human settlements can be seen in the form of cist graves that were lined with stones, and adorned with precious items such as amazonite jewelry buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, known as dolmens and constructed of large stones in a single piece, are prevalent throughout the country.
In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. The peninsula was then ruled by a number of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) including Baekje and Goguryeo. In addition, the northern region of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which many historians do not believe to be a valid Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states arose in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje is the most powerful of these states, was diminished by the Goguryeo's fall (676 CE) leaving only its southern territories in Manchuria, and western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo, and the Gaya confederacy, prospered for a short period of time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to work together to expand their territories. In the end, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated all other states and united the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea is entering the post-crisis phase its development model appears to be changing. Those who are appalled by the immense cost of the old system are urging an extensive program of liberalization of capital as well as labor markets. On the other hand, supporters of the old system seek to keep it alive through nationalist sentiments, and by inflating fears about potential job losses.
Academics and analysts are divided on the extent to which Korea's development is influenced by these two trends. This article examines developments to date, by looking at five phases of Korea's political development including democratic illiberalism (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) and authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and democratic participation (2002 to present). This article also identifies the key elements that are driving these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made strides in promoting their views to this group. A survey conducted in 2009 found that nearly three-quarters of respondents did not believe in the theory of evolution. Of those, 41% claimed that there was not enough scientific evidence to support evolution 39% claimed that the theory was in contradiction to their religious beliefs; and 17% said it was difficult to grasp. This level of doubt is similar to that in the United States, where a majority of people are not convinced that humans evolved from earlier types of life.
In the past, the anti-evolutionist campaign in Korea was primarily focused on teaching students and bringing Christ to them. In 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the featured speakers. The event attracted an impressive crowd of scientists, professors and church leaders.
The success of this event led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31, 1981. The event was extensively covered in the national press, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR began publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In it, the group presented its own work and published articles about scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated a number of films and slides from ICR, as well as several books on creationism that were in print outside of Korea. KACR members delivered lectures at universities and churches throughout the country.
A KACR success was seen at KAIST University in Seoul. There, students were so fascinated by the concept of creationism that they raised enough money and support to put up an on-campus museum showing creationist models of fossils and other exhibits.
In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly publication called CREATION. The magazine covers a variety of topics in the field of creation science. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It also has a network of local branches, which hold seminars and provide talks to schoolchildren and other community groups.
The evolution of South Korea
In the late 19th century and beginning of 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts and other style elements imported from overseas. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. During this time the famous samulnori or masked dance-dramas, were popular with the general public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and various musical instruments.
The economic crisis has shaped Korea's new model of development. The primary challenge for the new regime is to find an equilibrium between state-led and market-oriented economic policies. It also requires altering incentives, monitoring, or disciplining schemes which have created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4.
Baekje, founded by Onjo the prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo, was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions and also by a migrant from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. As a result, it was in frequent battle with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies across the border.
The decline of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries enabled powerful local factions to emerge. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He controlled a part of the present-day Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo.
His rule was however short-lived. After Gungye's defeat, he was overthrown by a powerful local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla click here in 935, Later Baekje was incorporated peacefully into Goryeo as an heir state. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central rule system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point the Korean peninsula was controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly grew into powerful states on the peninsula, and in Manchuria.